Substring

A substring is a string contained entirely within another string. For example, "top" is a substring of "Discretopia".

Prefixes and suffixes are special cases of substrings that occur at the beginning of a string and end of a string, respectively.

Prefix

A string \(p\) is a prefix of another string \(x\) if there exists a string \(y\) such that: $$x = py$$
⚠ The above formula is using string concatenation.

For example, "Disc" is a prefix of "Discretopia".

In a variable-length encoding, suppose \(a\) is \(01\) and \(b\) is \(010.\) Then, because \(a\) is a prefix of \(b\), decoding the binary string \(010101\) becomes ambiguous. With a Huffman tree, you can make prefix-free codes instead.

Suffix

A string \(s\) is a suffix of another string \(x\) if there exists a string \(y\) such that: $$x = ys$$

For example, "ia" is a suffix of "Discretopia".

Logic & Proofs
Integer • Rational number • Inequality • Real number • Theorem • Proof • Statement • Proof by exhaustion • Universal generalization • Counterexample • Existence proof • Existential instantiation • Axiom • Logic • Truth • Proposition • Compound proposition • Logical operation • Logical equivalence • Tautology • Contradiction • Logic law • Predicate • Domain • Quantifier • Argument • Rule of inference • Logical proof • Direct proof • Proof by contrapositive • Irrational number • Proof by contradiction • Proof by cases • Summation • Disjunctive normal form
Set Theory
Set • Element • Empty set • Universal set • Subset • Power set • Cartesian product • String • Binary string • Empty string • Set operation • Set identity • Set proof
Functions
Function • Floor function • Ceiling function • Inverse function
Algorithms
Algorithm • Pseudocode • Command • Asymptotic notation • Time complexity • Atomic operation • Brute-force algorithm
Relations
Relation • Reflexive relation • Symmetric relation • Transitive relation • Relation composition • Equivalence relation • Equivalence class
Number Theory
Integer division • Linear combination • Division algorithm • Modular arithmetic • Prime factorization • Greatest common divisor • Least common multiple • Primality test • Factoring algorithm • Euclid's theorem • Prime number theorem • Euclidean algorithm
Induction
Proof by induction • Fibonacci sequence • Proof by strong induction • Well-ordering principle • Sequence • Factorial • Recursive definition
Combinatorics
Rule of product • Rule of sum • Bijection rule • Permutation • Combination • Complement rule • Experiment • Outcome • Sample space • Event • Probability • Probability distribution • Uniform distribution • Multiset • Sixfold way • Inclusion-exclusion principle • Pigeonhole principle
Graph Theory
Graph • Walk • Subgraph • Regular graph • Complete graph • Empty graph • Cycle graph • Hypercube graph • Bipartite graph • Component • Eulerian circuit • Eulerian trail • Hamiltonian cycle • Hamiltonian path • Tree • Huffman tree • Substring • Forest • Path graph • Star • Spanning tree • Weighted graph • Minimum spanning tree • Greedy algorithm • Prim's algorithm
Recursion
Recursion • Recursive algorithm • Correctness proof • Divide-and-conquer algorithm • Sorting algorithm • Merge sort